In the stellar cults of Mesopotamia there were fourstars known as Lords or Watchers. Each of these stars “ruled” over a cardinal point of the compass, circa 3000 BCE. Aldebaran was the star of the Vernal Equinox, and was the Watcher of the East. Regulus, star of the Summer Solstice was the Watcher of the South. Antares was the star of the Autumnal Equinox and was the Watcher of the West. Finally Formalhaut was the star of the Winter Solstice and Watcher of the North. Seven-stepped pyramid towers were constructed bearing symbols of each of these four stars and times of year. These ziggurats formed the first instance of the Watchtowers.
The Watchers are echoed in the four winds of the ancient Greeks, and in the four Archangels of Christian belief: Michael (Fire), Gabriel (Water), Raphael (Air), and Auriel (Earth). However, the Watchers are also mentioned as fallen angels in the apocryphal Book of Enoch. These Watchers are said to have instructed the daughters of men in certain magical arts. The usual associations are as follows:
- Araqiel: signs of the earth
- Armaros: enchantments
- Azazel: masking, smithing, and witchcraft
- Barqel: astrology
- Ezequeel: signs of the clouds
- Gadreel: making weapons
- Kokabeel: stellar lore
- Penemue: written spells
- Sariel: lunar magic
- Semjaza: herbal magic
- Shamshiel: solar magic
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