Unravelling the Rhetoric.
Ainslie Meiklejohn-Griffiths.
Preamble.
The inspiration for this report emerged from a poorly researched news article released early this year, which
featured information about youth and graffiti. The article was in the local newspaper which has the ability to
reach numerous residents and influence opinions. The more concerning part with the article was the picture,
which depicted four officials from the community, two were politicians and two were from a youth
organization. The in-discrepancy with the photo was the incorrect labeling of art as graffiti. This shows how
policy can be made and implemented without correct knowledge of the problem at hand. There are many
different studies about young people and youth culture. It is now known graffiti is a part of a sub-culture and
some galleries display graffiti style artworks. While not all young people engage in the graffiti sub-culture and
not all people participating in graffiti styled artworks are young people, this small-scale mistake in the the
local paper was indicative of a larger issue.
The Redland City is an area “just south-east of Brisbane, Queensland, it covers 537 square kilometres.
There are large government, financial, commercial and retail centers at Cleveland and Capalaba, as well as
extensive retail and services facilities at Victoria Point, Alexandra Hills, Birkdale and Redland Bay” (Redland
SHire Council 2006). If the local paper is to believed, the focus of this area is on koalas, however this has
proved to be problematic as the local residents, primarily the young people of the area are missing out on
facilities and opportunities to create and negotiate pathways. The council produces numerous documents,
which promotes the different facilities, which the council funds, however it is possible to prove these
documents are about rhetoric and the young people are missing out in the process.
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Young People Defined.
Young people are individuals aged between twelve and twenty-five and this time span is full of growth and
development both physically and emotionally. (Bessant, Sercombe, Watts 1998). According to Piaget’s
Stages of Cognitive development from the age of 11 and onwards the Child develops capacity for abstract
reasoning and hypothetical thinking (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2008). This growth can be seen both in the changing
shape of their bodies, but also in different part of their brains. The importance of understanding the changes
in the frontal lobe in the brain is significant as this section of the brain deals with emotion, logic, planning and
reasoning (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2008). The accumulation of this shows young people are still learning their
own bodies, they have the capacity to understand abstract reasoning and hypothetical reasoning and young
people are beginning to gain a stronger understanding of emotions and logic. This can still prove to be prob-
lematic as young people are still learning and their actual ability to gain control of their actions and it is inevi-
table mistakes will be made.
Underlying Social Theory.
The influence and the importance of the local newspaper cannot be trivialised. Folk Devils and Moral Panic
by Stanley Cohen is an important contemporary text, which indicates the importance of the media and the
negative effect of misrepresenting youth. News article found in The Redland Times and Bayside Bulletin
with titles such as Neighbours say Kids a Nuisance (Saleh, 2009), and Youths set up Illegal Campfire
(Youths Set Up Illegal Campfire, 2010) can only have a detrimental effect to public opinion and inflame the
uninformed narrative. Page 164 of Youth and Society outlines the nature of crime and young people and
suggests, “How we view crime committed by young people is very much influenced by media portrayals of
the issues and the young people themselves” (White and Wyn, p. 164 2008). A report compiled by Marcus
Bussey in 2003 supports this and further explains “the image of young people engaged in anti-social activity,
violent outbursts, unreasonable behaviour, crime and drug abuse is a favourite of the press as it generates
strong feelings of moral outrage and antagonism.” (Bussey, p.3 2003). The accumulation of this within the
context of Redland City shows how the local newspaper can be of more importance than assumed.
To understand the context of media portrayal and the different effects what is defined as anti-social behav-
iour, an investigation of what creates a sense of normality. As described by Pierre Bourdieu “habitus in- cul-
cated by a particular way of life; a way of life that was itself perpetuated and glorified in the injunctions and
precepts of morality and education”(Bourdieu, 2002). Here Bourdieu is explaining in simplistic terms the spi-
raling effects of habitus. A further clarification of habitus can be found in Megawords where it indicates the
impacts of the day-to-day practices, which have a deeper effect. Habitus is also based on cultural, economic
and educational capital, which makes class as sensitive issue. In conjunction with the effects of habitus is the
structure of hegemony and how both shape public discourse and rhetoric (Osborne, 2001).
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Hegemony is a not a set of specific rules or regulations about what is appropriate, however it is about what is
considered correct cultural practice as decided by a dominate group (Scott and Marshall 2005). Again in
Megawords hegemony is explained as an idea about class, power and culture. On page 152 it is explained
“Cultural control is now particularly important in a media- dominated world where politics and culture are of-
ten the same thing” (Osborne, p. 152, 2001). The combination of the effects of both habitus and hegemony,
can be explained as a dominant group which gain popularity due to economic, educational and cultural capi-
tal which un-consciously decide on what is considered normal. To re-contextualize this information it shows
how the media can influence popular discourse and in regards to young people, it indicates how the incorrect
portrayal of young people not only shapes public discourse but also has more permeating effects.
Social Enterprise.
The concept of social enterprise and community ventures is an idea, which can be highly beneficial to the
wider community. As outlined in Social Enterprise in Australia “Social enterprise is a means by which people
come together and use market–based ventures to achieve agreed social ends. It is characterised by creativ-
ity, entrepreneurship, and a focus on community rather than individual profit” (Talbot, Tregilgas & Harrison,
2002). Social enterprise or non-government organizations often fill consumer demand when governments do
not meet the requirements of the community. Social enterprise is also about fulfilling the needs of the com-
munity, without a focus on profit, other than maintaining the necessary business needs. This can allow for
more freedom when delivering programs as it is about community need and not company profits. To localize
this concept, information shows the council values social enterprise as in the Redlands Social Infrastructure
Strategy it states “Fostering social enterprises we will support local organisations to apply
business methods to meet social objectives. A new youth enterprise facility at Capalaba is one exam-
ple of how we will do this” (Redland City Council 2009). This would suggest the council embraces the con-
cept of social enterprise by utilizing the idea in combination with meeting the need of young people in the
local area.
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Young People and Use of Space.
Young people and the use of public space becomes a contentious issue, as it is indicative of hegemony in
the public discourse. It is recognized in Youth and Society, the display by young people and the search for
identity takes place on the streets and other public areas (White & Wyn, 2008). In a speech delivered by
Howard Sercombe, details of identity and the use of public space are examined:
Shopping centre malls have replaced the high street. Control of such space falls increasingly to private security
companies, who exercise their authority under company policy, rather than under the rule of law. In such spaces,
discrimination against young people is not only legal, it is often company policy. Once again, young people find
their standard activities ruled out of order, and are subject to being moved on, excluded, and discriminated against
despite having committed no offence nor causing any trouble.
(Sercombe 2000)
This situation is not exclusive and is currently visible in the Redland City, especially in the suburb of Capa-
laba. Numerous documents and news articles outline the congregation of young people in the local shopping
centre, Capalaba Central (99 Consulting 2007). This use of space and the governance of the space are in-
dicative of the effects of hegemony and habitus as discussed previously. In Youth Studies, an Australian Per-
spective it outlines further “Young people have been historically been seen as potentially disruptive to social
order, and for that reason have been particularly subject to enormous amount of regulation…some designed
simply to control disruptive elements and activities” (Bessant, Sercombe & Watts, p.201, 1998). This infor-
mation shows how young people participate in daily activates in public view as an exploration of identity, a
normal and healthy occurrence, however as dictated by specific rules and regulations this public narrative is
discouraged and is indicated the discouragement can be seen as detrimental and at times, discriminating.
For the purpose of this document, a small conversation was held between the researcher and five young
people. While these young people were made aware the conversation would be for information gathering
purposes, some of the participants did not agree for the conversation to be recorded. The researcher was
permitted to take notes and in the interest of privacy, each of the participants was asked to identify them-
selves under a different name. The outcome of this conversation was not radical nor did it show and large
gap in the academic dialogue about young people and public spaces with what the young people thought
about public life. It did however indicate a level of discrimination, a lack of accessible public transport and a
severe shortage of free activities for young people in the Redland area. More disconcertingly it indicated
none of the participants were aware of places, which they could access, or activities they could participate in,
in the local area. It was clear from the informal conversation, council services are not advertised enough, nor
has the target audience been reached.
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The discrimination the young people described included an authoritarian approach to security in public ar-
eas. All of the young people could describe an experience where they were moved on from the public area
for no other reason than their age. From both discussions with the young people and observing the space it
is possible to discern shopping centers have a high presence of security in areas which young people fre-
quent. This security presence does not appear to helping the situation as “18–24 year olds were twice as
likely to be victims of personal crime as people aged 25 years and over 11% and 5% respectively” (ABS,
2010). The high level of security obviously doesn’t equate to the personal safety of young people.
In Public Spaces for Young People it states:
More security guards employed by the Centre only increased the conflict experienced with the young peo-
ple. Young people stated that they were picked on by security guards and said that standing around with
their friends was enough to make the guards approach them, ask for their names and often tell them to
leave. The Centre manager stated that it became a game of ‘cat and mouse’ in an ‘us and them’ situation.
(White, 1998)
This indicates the occurrences experienced in the Redland area are no different from other geographic loca-
tions and also outlines the risk of using extra security as a measure for controlling the use of space.
In council documents it explains how
The Redland Youth Plaza was developed collaboratively over three years and many stages. Community
consultation, enquiry-by-design, the Management and Activation Plan, Plaza Advisory Crew (PAC) forma-
tion and mentoring and production of the Concrete Carnival Launch Event was developed by Plan C in
collaboration with Redland City Council. The plaza was designed by CONVIC and constructed by Hadore
and Concrete Skateparks. The Queensland State Government together with Redland City Council pro-
vided approximately $1.1 million to the Redland Youth Plaza project.
(Redland City Council & Plan C 2008)
This information can be used in an attempt to rebut any information which claims to show a lack of services
in the area, however upon closer scrutiny, it is clear this excerpt in an example of council rhetoric as The
Redland Youth Plaza can only be described as a skate park. In conjunction with the facility being mislabeled
it is also clear “Queensland was once setting the standards in skate facilities but has since fallen behind the
Southern States” (Plan C, 2006). This information indicates, not only is the skate park mislabeled in policy
rhetoric and brochures, the significance of this facility have been misconstrued. While the importance of a
skate park cannot be discredited and the importance of the physical exercise this facility and other like it al-
low for, a skate park cannot make up for a lack of wider activities in the area. As Dr. Phill Crane explains,
“short term funding of an arts program for young people or a getting young people involved in a skate park
development may be valid as activities but do not constitute a strategy” (Crane, 2009). The lack of activities
as described by the participants and the over-publicized skate park is indicative of a lack of dedication to
young people on the behalf of local council.
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Un-raveling the Rhetoric.
In Redlands 2030 Community Plan it outlines specific goals and aspirations of the council in regards to the
direction of the facilities provided for the residents. One of the goals outlines states “accessible and afford-
able community facilities, services, programs, activities and events, designed by, with and for children and
young people, encourage them to feel included, display their culture and interact in a safe environment”
(Redland City Council 2010). From this information it is possible to discern young people are not currently a
priority as this is a goal for long-term future. If community initiatives were a priority, this goal would be based
on updating existing facilities to meet future demands or about sustaining an already proven commitment.
This information shows the lack of action the Redland City Council is engaged in and shows the need to im-
prove levels of commitment.
As stated previously, a commitment towards young people and social enterprise has been made on the be-
half of council. However this move towards engaging young people in community initiatives can be seen as a
reactionary measure as stated in a media release it states “Redland City Council is committed to building
safe, strong and self-reliant communities, Cr Hobson said. The project [The Cage Youth Foundation] aims to
reduce youth crime and anti-social behaviour in the area by providing opportunities for our young people to
positively contribute to community life” (Redland City Council 2009). This shows the current lack of activities
for young people, despite the installation of the youth plaza. It reconfirms the ideas, a skate park while it pro-
vides a recreation area does not solve deeper social problems. Moreover, further announcements is council
documents claim the council is “Ensuring young people are part of on-going dialogue and decision‐making
about how the community develops is recognised by initiatives such as Redlands 2030 and the Austra-
lia 2020 Summit” (Redland City Council 2009). However as explained by Lucas Walsh these types of initia-
tives can often be views as tokenistic by the young people (Walsh, 2010). The use of space by young people
in the area, which is labeled as antisocial in both the media and other community reports, only indicates the
lack of engagement between council and young people.
The Redlands Young Adults Project 2006 shows a dissatisfaction for facilities for young adults in the Red-
lands area. The main factors of concern in the document which the young adults saw as needing improve-
ment was transport, employment and an entertainment precinct (Redland City Shire, 2006). The Annual Re-
port 2005-2006 reflected this information on page 27, however there was not commitment of funding other
than the implementation of a skate park (Redland Shire Council 2006). As previously discussed, the aca-
demic dialogue shows a skate park is a useful tool for entertaining a specific audience, it cannot be included
as a central theme for a youth strategy. The dissatisfaction with employment levels as expressed in the Red-
lands Young Adults Project 2006 shows a need for intervention or advocacy from government as Honouring
Our Commitment shows the need to make a stable transition from study to work as young people who do not
make this transition run the risk of not finding adequate employment or the further necessary skills to gain
independence (Dusseldorp, 2002). This information proves, Redland City Council is aware of the issues
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which young people found significant but did not outlay any further funds in an attempt to eliminate the prob-
lem. in the Redlands Social Infrastructure Strategy it states “ Not only [young people] will they be the com-
munitity’s future leaders and business people, they hold the energy and creativity to drive innovation within
the Redlands now” (Redland City Council, 2010). The implementation of the Safer Suburbs grant does not
focus on the needs of the young people as identified by the young adults of the area, nor does the out-
sourcing of grant to another organisation involved providing entertainment which does not meet the target
audience needs
The Cage.
The Cage is a youth organization in the area, which focuses on “creating a new type of normal” (The Cage,
2010). According the to organization’s website the initiative has been running since 2001 in conjunction with
C3 Bayside, a local church. As stated, The Cage is now involved in programs which aim at reducing anti so-
cial behaviour in Redland City. This current initiative worth $500,000 focuses on reducing anti social behav-
iour in accordance to the Safer Suburbs Plan (Attorney- General’s Department, 2009). The Cage is also the
example of social enterprise, which the council has supported, however this concept is flawed as the area,
which is now, labeled the youth space for the area is only open sporadically. This lack of opening times
shows how the support of council, a youth organization and the grant provided by the Safer Suburbs is more
about producing rhetoric that assisting young people. Another discrepancy with The Cage is the lack of evi-
dence to suggest social enterprise is undertaken in the organization. The young people are provided with “a
lounge, Xbox,active area, computers, training rooms and a sound-proof music room to support local talent”
(Redland City Council, 2010) however the entertainment is not targeted at educating young people about
wider issues and the entertainment is not done in a manner which is accessible to the young people in the
area due to the lack of opening times. In conjunction with the lack of opening hours is the lack of evidence to
suggest this is an organization involved in social enterprise. Much research was undertaken and The Cage
was also contacted and given an opportunity to show evidence of social enterprise, however no supporting
documents which state a goal or ethos based in social enterprise practices could be sourced for the purpose
of this document. While the Epic Day Out and other such days of entertainment appear to be enjoyable for
those participating, it is clear from the pictures provided on their website, they are not heavily patronized
(The Cage, 2010).
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Finally, The Cage also appears to run a graffiti removal business which according to the website “provides
opportunities and referral pathways for young people to participate in ongoing social enterprise and life skills
to achieve a social purpose for the benefit of the community at large” (The Cage, 2010). This may appear to
be sufficient as it provides pathways for young people to gain skills however a more effective method graffiti
prevention and social enterprise as suggested in Public Entertainment, Graffiti and Street Art suggests:
Establishment of a trainee program for young aspiring graffiti and street artists run by more ex-
perienced mentors from various artistic backgrounds with a focus on the educational and legal
avenues available for young aspiring artists. This will provide employment, artistic skills and de-
velopment opportunities for both trainees and participating artistic mentors.
(Moo, Wardle, Lyons, Heim & Woods-Alum, 2009)
This information is indicative of the current practices as engaged in by The Cage could not be considered
best practice, nor an effective measure to stem the consistent vandalism of property. It can also be indicated,
involving young people with graffiti removal would not be considered entertaining or effective training meas-
ures as The Cage aims for.
Conclusion.
From the information shown in this document it is possible to discern a level of dissatisfaction from many
different stakeholders in the area of youth activities in the Redland City. There are multitudes of documents
about the area, produced by council and many of the documents contain information or strategies which the
council claim to implement or aim to achieve, however with further scrutiny it it possible to show the council
has underfunded youth activities, ignored the needs of the young people and produced more documents with
rhetoric than creating pathways and opportunities for young people. The Parks and Leisure Award as re-
ceived in 2008 shows the recognition of the rhetoric council is capable of producing however if this were the
case young people would not be congregating in the shopping centers and a lower percentage would be in-
volved in petty crimes. The incidences of alleged antisocial behaviour on behalf of young people is only fu-
eled by inflammatory reporting in the local paper and shows the wider ramifications of an ignored population.
This situation is not unique, however it is necessary for council to employ unique strategies in an attempt to
engage the young people in more positive activities.
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Recommendations
Public transport was indicated as a serious issue for young people as they often are unable to provide their
own transport. It is recommended public transport is more frequent in the area and more affordable. Any or-
ganization dealing with young people should also be mindful when organizing events to ensure the times
allow for public transport use. Alternatively, it could be appropriate for the provision of transport to be privat-
ized and heavily subsidized for specific events.
For young people to be able to take control of their own area as provided by the Safer Suburbs grant. Young
people should be trained to create social events and activities which both themselves and their peers could
engage in. This would be a perfect example of social enterprise and it would also deliver skills to young peo-
ple which they could use in the labour market in an attempt to make the transition between education and
work easier.
It is not sufficient to provide a youth space which is only accessible on a weekly basis and entertainment
provided should match the target audience needs. Inclusionary practices which involve appropriate levels of
consultation with young people before spending funds on projects needs to be acted upon. Acting in a timely
manner to feedback or criticisms and making the appropriate changed to ensure young peoples needs are
meet if of high importance.
The local media has published many articles about young people and antisocial behaviour, which influences
public opinion. The appointment of an individual to advise staff at the local paper or for staff to receive fur-
ther professional development and learn the further ramifications of reporting about young people would be
helpful in this situation.
To engage in dialogue with business owners where young people frequent the vicinity regularly and produce
appropriate strategies which suit the needs of all parties. If security officers are to be utilized, it is advised all
officers are to receive professional development in dealing with young people.
For council to engage in ongoing dialogue with young people, outside of the already utilized communication
channels. It is clear from the behaviour of the young people current solutions are yet to be proven viable and
further investigations as to what young people need should be embarked on.
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The council and private sector should respect the right of young people to use public space. The issue of
young people in public is not new or radical and the youth in the area are not currently engaging in behaviour
or practices which are different from young people in other geographic locations. This anti-social behaviour is
not a new occurrence and in the past, council has failed to provided sufficient activities and places for young
people. A purpose built and accessible youth space, staffed and organized by local young people in conjunc-
tion with council as opposed to the current model which is inadequate may be effective in this case.
It is necessary for both young people and people from the wider community to change attitudes and behav-
iours. If young people continue to use public space in a manner which is deemed unacceptable, it is possible
to assume further they will suffer from further punitive measures. Although young people are not sufficiently
provided with activities or other places to utilize in their leisure time, it should not become the sole excuse for
petty crime or vandalism. In the wider community, people need to understand the greater issues effecting
young people. The current intergenerational debate is not helpful as the young people only continue to be
discriminated against and marginalized. More programs aimed at reconciling the differences between the
different generations in the area could help improve public opinion and also engage the community in activi-
ties which which the young people could participate in and receive a sense of identity in public.
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March
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